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../../protocols/tls.rst:516
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See http://www.iana.org/assignments/tls-parameters/tls-parameters.xhtml#tls-parameters-4
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../../glossary.rst:38
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The International Standardization Organization is an agency of the United Nations that is based in Geneva and develop standards on various topics. Within ISO, country representatives vote to approve or reject standards. Most of the work on the development of ISO standards is done in expert working groups. Additional information about ISO may be obtained from https://www.iso.org
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../../principles/network.rst:371 • ../../principles/network.rst:412 • ../../principles/network.rst:414 • ../../principles/network.rst:422 • ../../principles/network.rst:432 • ../../principles/network.rst:442
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../../principles/sharing.rst:427
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Frame collision on a shared bus
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../../principles/security.rst:970
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Unfortunately, the Diffie-Hellman key exchange alone cannot cope with man-in-the middle attacks. Consider Mallory who sits in the middle between Alice and Bob and can easily capture and modify their messages. The modulus and the base are public. They are thus known by Mallory as well. He could then operate as follows :
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../../exercises/ipv6.rst:861
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In the output of :manpage:`traceroute6(8)`, a ``!N`` indicates that host ``a`` received from ``2001:db8:1341:12::2``, i.e. router ``r2``, a Network unreachable ICMPv6 message. The forwarding table of ``r2`` confirms the root cause of this problem.
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../../exercises/routing-protocols.rst:1364
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What is the path that packets follow from a host attached to ``AS2`` to a host attached to ``AS7`` ?
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../../protocols/bgp.rst:367
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insert a high `local-pref` attribute in the routes learned from a customer
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../../protocols/email.rst:242
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n
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../../protocols/ethernet.rst:364
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The `Spanning Tree Protocol` uses the ordering relationship to build the spanning tree. Each switch listens to `BPDUs` on its ports. When `BPDU = <R,c,T,p>` is received on port `q`, the switch computes the port's `root priority vector`: `V[q] = <R,c+cost[q],T,p,q>` , where `cost[q]` is the cost associated to the port over which the `BPDU` was received. The switch stores in a table the last `root priority vector` received on each port. The switch then compares its own `identifier` with the smallest `root identifier` stored in this table. If its own `identifier` is smaller, then the switch is the root of the spanning tree and is, by definition, at a distance `0` of the root. The `BPDU` of the switch is then `<R,0,R,p>`, where `R` is the switch `identifier` and `p` will be set to the port number over which the `BPDU` is sent.
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../../protocols/ipv6.rst:346
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``UDP`` uses `Next Header` number ``17``
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../../protocols/tcp.rst:268
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`rcv.nxt` : the sequence number of the next byte that is expected to be received from the remote host
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../../protocols/tls.rst:518
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A detailed explanation of the TLS 1.3 handshake may be found at https://tls13.ulfheim.net/
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../../principles/network.rst:371
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South
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../../principles/sharing.rst:433
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As shown above, hosts detect collisions when they receive an electrical signal that they cannot decode. In a wired network, a host is able to detect such a collision both while it is listening (e.g. like host C in the figure above) and also while it is sending its own frame. When a host transmits a frame, it can compare the electrical signal that it transmits with the electrical signal that it senses on the wire. At points `(1)` and `(2)` in the figure above, host A senses only its own signal. At point `(3)`, it senses an electrical signal that differs from its own signal and can thus detects the collision. At this point, its frame is corrupted and it can stop its transmission. The ability to detect collisions while transmitting is the starting point for the `Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)` Medium Access Control algorithm, which is used in Ethernet networks [Metcalfe1976]_ [IEEE802.3]_ . When an Ethernet host detects a collision while it is transmitting, it immediately stops its transmission. Compared with pure CSMA, CSMA/CD is an important improvement since when collisions occur, they only last until colliding hosts have detected it and stopped their transmission. In practice, when a host detects a collision, it sends a special jamming signal on the cable to ensure that all hosts have detected the collision.
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../../principles/security.rst:976
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Alice chooses a secret integer and sends :math:`A= g^{a} \mod p` to Mallory
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../../exercises/ipv6.rst:873
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A second problem is when there is a forwarding loop inside the network, i.e. packets sent to a specific destination loop through several routers. With the static routes shown below, router ``r2`` forwards the packets towards ``2001:db8:1341:3::b`` via router ``r1``. The entire script is available from :download:`/exercises/ipmininet_scripts/static-1-loop.py`.
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../../exercises/routing-protocols.rst:1375
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We now disable the interdomain link between ``AS3`` and ``AS4``. What are the hosts that ``AS1``, ``AS5`` and ``AS6`` are still able to ping ?
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../../protocols/bgp.rst:368
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insert a medium `local-pref` attribute in the routes learned over a shared-cost peering
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../../protocols/email.rst:242
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