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../../protocols/ethernet.rst:413
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Virtual Local Area Networks in a switched Ethernet network
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../../protocols/tcp.rst:366
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A good setting of the retransmission timeout clearly depends on an accurate estimation of the round-trip-time of each TCP connection. The round-trip-time differs between TCP connections, but may also change during the lifetime of a single connection. For example, the figure below shows the evolution of the round-trip-time between two hosts during a period of 45 seconds.
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../../glossary.rst:219
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The Network File System is defined in :rfc:`1094`
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../../principles/reliability.rst:431 • ../../principles/reliability.rst:448
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../../principles/transport.rst:692
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A second scenario is when the initiating entity sends a `CR` segment that does not reach the remote entity and receives a duplicate `CA` segment from a previous connection attempt. This duplicate `CA` segment cannot contain a valid acknowledgment for the `CR` segment as the sequence number of the `CR` segment was extracted from the transport clock of the initiating entity. The `CA` segment is thus rejected and the `CR` segment is retransmitted upon expiration of the retransmission timer.
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../../principles/sharing.rst:621
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The IEEE 802.5 Token Ring technology is defined in [IEEE802.5]_. We use Token Ring as an example to explain the principles of the token-based MAC algorithms in ring-shaped networks. Other ring-shaped networks include the defunct FDDI [Ross1989]_ or Resilient Pack Ring [DYGU2004]_ . A good survey of the early token ring networks may be found in [Bux1989]_ .
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../../protocols/bgp.rst:454
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The domains on the Internet can be divided in about four categories according to their role and their position in the AS-level topology.
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../../protocols/email.rst:254
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../../protocols/ipv6.rst:409
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../../protocols/ethernet.rst:415
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IEEE defined in the [IEEE802.1q]_ standard a special header to encode the VLAN identifiers. This 32 bit header includes a 12 bit VLAN field that contains the VLAN identifier of each frame. The format of the [IEEE802.1q]_ header is described below.
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../../protocols/tcp.rst:372
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Evolution of the round-trip-time between two hosts
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../../glossary.rst:220
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NTP
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../../principles/dv.rst:59
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The first condition ensures that the router discovers the shortest path towards each destination. The second condition is used to take into account the changes of routes that may occur after a link failure or a change of the metric associated to a link.
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../../principles/reliability.rst:431 • ../../principles/reliability.rst:432 • ../../principles/reliability.rst:433 • ../../principles/reliability.rst:434 • ../../principles/reliability.rst:435 • ../../principles/reliability.rst:436 • ../../principles/reliability.rst:437 • ../../principles/reliability.rst:438 • ../../principles/reliability.rst:452 • ../../principles/reliability.rst:453 • ../../principles/reliability.rst:454 • ../../principles/reliability.rst:455
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../../principles/transport.rst:699
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Three-way handshake : recovery from a duplicate `CA`
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../../principles/sharing.rst:624
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A Token Ring network is composed of a set of stations that are attached to a unidirectional ring. The basic principle of the Token Ring MAC algorithm is that two types of frames travel on the ring : tokens and data frames. When the Token Ring starts, one of the stations sends the token. The token is a small frame that represents the authorization to transmit data frames on the ring. To transmit a data frame on the ring, a station must first capture the token by removing it from the ring. As only one station can capture the token at a time, the station that owns the token can safely transmit a data frame on the ring without risking collisions. After having transmitted its frame, the station must remove it from the ring and resend the token so that other stations can transmit their own frames.
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../../protocols/bgp.rst:465
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Due to this organization of the Internet and due to the BGP decision process, most AS-level paths on the Internet have a length of 3-5 AS hops.
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../../protocols/email.rst:254
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../../protocols/ipv6.rst:412
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Although IPv6 can send 64 KBytes long packets, few datalink layer technologies that are used today are able to send a 64 KBytes packet inside a frame. Furthermore, as illustrated in the figure below, another problem is that a host may send a packet that would be too large for one of the datalink layers used by the intermediate routers.
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../../protocols/ethernet.rst:421
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Format of the 802.1q header
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