Exit Zen
101
../../principles/sharing.rst:470
English
To understand `binary exponential back-off`, let us consider a collision caused by exactly two hosts. Once it has detected the collision, a host can either retransmit its frame immediately or defer its transmission for some time. If each colliding host flips a coin to decide whether to retransmit immediately or to defer its retransmission, four cases are possible :
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101
../../principles/security.rst:995
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Alice chooses a secret integer : :math:`a` and sends :math:`A= g^{a} \mod p` to Bob
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../../exercises/ipv6.rst:971
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The `Next Header` of the IPv6 packet indicates the type of the header that follows the IPv6 packet. IANA_ maintains a list of all the assigned values of this header at https://www.iana.org/assignments/protocol-numbers/protocol-numbers.xhtml
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../../protocols/bgp.rst:396
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In this internetwork, we focus on the route towards `2001:db8::1234/48` which is advertised by `AS1`. Let us also assume that `AS3` (resp. `AS4`) prefers, e.g. for economic reasons, a route learned from `AS4` (`AS3`) over a route learned from `AS1`. When `AS1` sends `U(2001:db8::1234/48,AS1)` to `AS3` and `AS4`, three sequences of exchanges of BGP messages are possible :
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../../protocols/email.rst:246 • ../../protocols/email.rst:248
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7
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../../protocols/ethernet.rst:375 • ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:376 • ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:376 • ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:377 • ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:377 • ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:377
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yes
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../../protocols/ipv6.rst:365
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`Fragment` header. This option is processed only by hosts.
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../../protocols/ethernet.rst:357
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20000
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../../protocols/tcp.rst:291
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An elegant solution to this problem was proposed by John Nagle in :rfc:`896`. John Nagle observed that the overhead caused by the TCP header was a problem in wide area connections, but less in local area connections where the available bandwidth is usually higher. He proposed the following rules to decide to send a new data segment when a new data has been produced by the user or a new `ack` segment has been received.
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../../glossary.rst:27
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LAN
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../../principles/network.rst:382
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`Label switching` enables a full control over the path followed by packets inside the network. Consider the network below and assume that we want to use two virtual circuits : `R1->R3->R4->R2->R5` and `R2->R1->R3->R4->R5`.
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../../principles/reliability.rst:353
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The above FSM shows that the sender has to wait for an acknowledgment from the receiver before being able to transmit the next SDU. The figure below illustrates the exchange of a few frames between two hosts.
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../../principles/transport.rst:559
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A `segment` also contains control information, usually stored inside a `header` and the payload that comes from the application. To detect transmission errors, transport protocols rely on checksums or CRCs like the datalink layer protocols.
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../../principles/sharing.rst:472
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Both hosts retransmit immediately and a new collision occurs
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../../principles/security.rst:997
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Bob chooses a secret integer : :math:`b`, computes :math:`B= g^{b} \mod p` and sends :math:`Cert(Bob,Bob_{pub},Ted), E_p(Bob_{priv},B)` to Alice
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../../exercises/ipv6.rst:980
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When an IPv6 router receives a packet that is larger than the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) on its outgoing interface, it drops the packet and returns an ICMPv6 message back to the source. Upon reception of this ICMPv6 message, the source will either adjust the size of the packets that it transmits or use IPv6 packet fragmentation. The exercises below show a few examples of the utilization of IPv6 fragmentation.
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../../protocols/bgp.rst:398
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`AS3` sends first `U(2001:db8:1234/48,AS3:AS1)` to `AS4`. `AS4` has learned two routes towards `2001:db8:1234/48`. It runs its BGP decision process and selects the route via `AS3` and does not advertise a route to `AS3`
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../../protocols/email.rst:246
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H
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../../protocols/ethernet.rst:375 • ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:375 • ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:376
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no
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../../protocols/ipv6.rst:366
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`Authentication` header. This option is processed only by hosts.
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