Exit Zen
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../../protocols/ipv6.rst:367
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`Encapsulating Security Payload`. This option is processed only by hosts.
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../../protocols/ethernet.rst:359
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100 Gbps
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../../protocols/tcp.rst:307
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This algorithm, called the Nagle algorithm, takes a few lines of code in all TCP implementations. These lines of code have a huge impact on the packets that are exchanged in TCP/IP networks. Researchers have analyzed the distribution of the packet sizes by capturing and analyzing all the packets passing through a given link. These studies have shown several important results :
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../../glossary.rst:286
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leased line
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../../principles/network.rst:412
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->R2
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../../principles/transport.rst:563
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The figure below shows a typical usage of port numbers. The client process uses port number `1234` while the server process uses port number `5678`. When the client sends a request, it is identified as originating from port number `1234` on the client host and destined to port number `5678` on the server host. When the server process replies to this request, the server's transport layer returns the reply as originating from port `5678` on the server host and destined to port `1234` on the client host.
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../../principles/sharing.rst:474
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The second host retransmits immediately and the first defers its retransmission
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../../principles/security.rst:1002
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Bob computes :math:`S_{B}=A^{b} \mod p`
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../../exercises/ipv6.rst:991
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When the :manpage:`ping6(8)` is executed, it sends ICMPv6 echo request messages with increasing sequence numbers.
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../../protocols/bgp.rst:400
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`AS3` sends `U(2001:db8:1234/48,AS3:AS1)` to `AS4` and, at the same time, `AS4` sends `U(2001:db8:1234/48,AS4:AS1)`. `AS3` prefers the route via `AS4` and thus sends `W(2001:db8:1234/48)` to `AS4`. In the mean time, `AS4` prefers the route via `AS3` and thus sends `W(2001:db8:1234/48)` to `AS3`. Upon reception of the `BGP Withdraws`, `AS3` and `AS4` only know the direct route towards `2001:db8:1234/48`. `AS3` (resp. `AS4`) sends `U(2001:db8:1234/48,AS3:AS1)` (resp. `U(2001:db8:1234/48,AS4:AS1)`) to `AS4` (resp. `AS3`). `AS3` and `AS4` could in theory continue to exchange BGP messages for ever. In practice, one of them sends one message faster than the other and BGP converges.
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../../protocols/email.rst:246
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Y
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../../protocols/ethernet.rst:377
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Designated
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../../protocols/ipv6.rst:369
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The last two headers are used to add security above IPv6 and implement IPSec. They are described in :rfc:`2402` and :rfc:`2406` and are outside the scope of this document.
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../../protocols/ethernet.rst:359
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200
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../../protocols/tcp.rst:309
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in TCP/IP networks, a large fraction of the packets are TCP segments that contain only an acknowledgment. These packets usually account for 40-50% of the packets passing through the studied link
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../../glossary.rst:288
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A telephone line that is permanently available between two endpoints.
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../../principles/network.rst:414 • ../../principles/network.rst:424
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->R5
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../../principles/reliability.rst:389
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Reliable data transfer on top of an imperfect link
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../../principles/sharing.rst:475
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Both hosts defer their retransmission and a new collision occurs
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../../principles/security.rst:1006
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This prevents the attack mentioned above since Mallory cannot create a fake certificate and cannot sign a value by using Bob's private key. Given the risk of man-in-the-middle attacks, the Diffie-Hellman key exchange mechanism should never be used without authentication.
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