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../../protocols/ipv6.rst:435
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a `Next Header` field that indicates the type of the header that follows the fragmentation header
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../../protocols/wifi.rst:15
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Today, WiFi is a very popular wireless networking technology. There are more than several hundreds of millions of WiFi devices. The development of this technology started in the late 1980s with the `WaveLAN <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WaveLAN>`_ proprietary wireless network. WaveLAN operated at 2 Mbps and used different frequency bands in different regions of the world. In the early 1990s, the IEEE_ created the `802.11 working group <http://www.ieee802.org/11/>`_ to standardize a family of wireless network technologies. This working group was very prolific and produced several wireless networking standards that use different frequency ranges and different physical layers. The table below provides a summary of the main 802.11 standards.
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../../protocols/tcp.rst:404
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The original TCP specification proposed in :rfc:`793` to include two additional variables in the TCB :
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../../glossary.rst:59
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a packet is the unit of information transfer in the network layer
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../../principles/dv.rst:75
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`E` sends its distance vector `[E=0,D=1,A=2,C=1]` to `D`, `B` and `C`. `B` can now reach `A`, `C`, `D` and `E`
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../../principles/reliability.rst:437 • ../../principles/reliability.rst:454
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../../principles/sharing.rst:658
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Let us consider the five station network depicted in figure :ref:`fig-tokenring` above and assume that station `S1` sends a token. If we neglect the propagation delay on the inter-station links, as each station introduces a one bit delay, the first bit of the frame would return to `S1` while it sends the fifth bit of the token. If station `S1` is powered off at that time, only the first five bits of the token will travel on the ring. To avoid this problem, there is a special station called the `Monitor` on each Token Ring. To ensure that the token can travel forever on the ring, this `Monitor` inserts a delay that is equal to at least 24 bit transmission times. If station `S3` was the `Monitor` in figure :ref:`fig-tokenring`, `S1` would have been able to transmit the entire token before receiving the first bit of the token from its upstream neighbor.
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../../protocols/bgp.rst:482
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In this text, we consider Autonomous System and domain as synonyms. In practice, a domain may be divided into several Autonomous Systems, but we ignore this detail.
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../../protocols/email.rst:256
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../../protocols/ipv6.rst:436
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two `Reserved` fields set to `0`.
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../../protocols/wifi.rst:19
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Frequency
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../../protocols/tcp.rst:406
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`srtt` : the smoothed round-trip-time computed as :math:`srtt=(\alpha \times srtt)+( (1-\alpha) \times rtt)` where :math:`rtt` is the round-trip-time measured according to the above procedure and :math:`\alpha` a smoothing factor (e.g. 0.8 or 0.9)
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../../glossary.rst:51
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PBL
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../../principles/dv.rst:76
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`B` sends its distance vector `[B=0,A=1,C=1,D=2,E=1]` to `A`, `C` and `E`. `A`, `B`, `C` and `E` can now reach all five routers of this network.
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../../principles/reliability.rst:438 • ../../principles/reliability.rst:455
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011
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../../principles/transport.rst:738
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Using sequence numbers to count bytes has also one advantage when the transport layer needs to fragment SDUs in several segments. The figure below shows the fragmentation of a large SDU in two segments. Upon reception of the segments, the receiver will use the sequence numbers to correctly reorder the data.
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../../protocols/bgp.rst:484
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The BGP sessions and the underlying TCP connection are typically established by the routers when they boot based on information found in their configuration. The BGP sessions are rarely released, except if the corresponding peering link fails or one of the endpoints crashes or needs to be rebooted.
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../../protocols/email.rst:256
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M
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../../protocols/ipv6.rst:437
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the `Fragment Offset` is a 13-bit unsigned integer that contains the offset, in 8 bytes units, of the data following this header, relative to the start of the original packet.
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../../protocols/wifi.rst:19
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Typical throughput
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