cnp3-ebook - French @ Weblate

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13 ../../protocols/tls.rst:44
	English 143
	French 0/100 · 3 Needs editing
13 ../../protocols/transport-service.rst:47
	English Textual representation of IPv6 addresses
	French 0/400 · 40 Needs editing
13 ../../protocols/udp.rst:55
	English a 16 bits length field
	French 0/220 · 22 Needs editing
13 ../../protocols/wifi.rst:22
	English 0.9 Mbps
	French 0/100 · 8 Needs editing
14 ../../bibliography.rst:48
	English Clark D., `The Design Philosophy of the DARPA Internet Protocols <https://dx.doi.org/10.1145/205447.205458>`_, Computer Communications Review 18:4, August 1988, pp. 106-114
	French 0/1720 · 172 Needs editing
14 ../../exercises/ex-sharing.rst:290
	English Consider again a network that uses CSMA/CD. This time, the bandwidth is set to 1 Gbps and the cable has a length of two kilometers. When a collision occurs, consider that the hosts B and C retransmit immediately while host A waits for the next slot.
	French 0/2490 · 249 Needs editing
14 ../../exercises/reliability.rst:34
	English The bandwidth of the two directions of the link is set to `B` bits per second
	French La bande passante dans les deux directions du câble est de `B` bits par seconde 79/770 · 77 Needs editing
14 ../../exercises/network.rst:103
	English Assume that the routers located in `Denver` and `Kansas City` need to exchange lots of packets. Can you configure the link metrics such that the link between these two routers does not carry any packet sent by another router in the network ?
	French Considérez que les routeurs à `Denver` et `Kansas City` doivent échanger beaucoup de paquets. Pouvez-vous configurer les valeurs des liaisons de sorte à ce que le chemin entre ces deux routeurs ne transporte aucun autre paquet envoyé par d'autres routeurs dans le réseau ? 272/2410 · 241 Needs editing
14 ../../exercises/sockets.rst:122
	English In the following example, a C program is sending the bytes ``'h'``, ``'e'``, ``'l'``, ``'l'`` and ``'o'`` to a remote process located at address ``peer_addr``, using the already created socket ``sock``.
	French Dans l'exemple suivant, un programme C envoie les octets ``'h'``, ``'e'``, ``'l'``, ``'l'`` et ``'o'`` à un processus distant situé à l'adresse ``peer_addr``, en utilisant la socket ``sock`` déjà créée. 202/2020 · 202 Needs editing
14 ../../exercises/transport.rst:126
	English Practice
	French Exercices 9/100 · 8 Needs editing
14 ../../principles/naming.rst:77
	English The Domain Name System was created at a time when the Internet was mainly used in North America. The initial design assumed that all domain names would be composed of letters and digits :rfc:`1035`. As Internet usage grew in other parts of the world, it became important to support non-ASCII characters. For this, extensions have been proposed to the Domain Name System :rfc:`3490`. In a nutshell, the solution that is used to support Internationalized Domain Names works as follows. First, it is possible to use most of the Unicode characters to encode domain names and hostnames, with a few exceptions (for example, the dot character cannot be part of a name since it is used as a separator). Once a domain name has been encoded as a series of Unicode characters, it is then converted into a string that contains the ``xn--`` prefix and a sequence of ASCII characters. More details on these algorithms can be found in :rfc:`3490` and :rfc:`3492`.
	French Le système de noms de domaine a été créé à une époque où Internet était principalement utilisé en Amérique du Nord. La conception initiale supposait que tous les noms de domaine seraient composés de lettres et de chiffres :rfc:`1035`. Lorsque l'utilisation d'Internet s'est développée dans d'autres parties du monde, il est devenu important de prendre en charge les caractères non ASCII. Pour cela, des extensions ont été proposées au système de noms de domaine :rfc:`3490`. En résumé, la solution utilisée pour prendre en charge les noms de domaine internationalisés fonctionne comme suit. Tout d'abord, il est possible d'utiliser la plupart des caractères Unicode pour coder les noms de domaine et les noms d'hôte, à quelques exceptions près (par exemple, le caractère point ne peut pas faire partie d'un nom puisqu'il est utilisé comme séparateur). Une fois qu'un nom de domaine a été encodé comme une série de caractères Unicode, il est ensuite converti en une chaîne de caractères qui contient le préfixe ``xn--`` et une séquence de caractères ASCII. Vous trouverez plus de détails sur ces algorithmes dans :rfc:`3490` et :rfc:`3492`. 1139/9480 · 948 Needs editing
14 ../../principles/referencemodels.rst:56
	English The `Datalink layer` builds on the service provided by the underlying physical layer. The `Datalink layer` allows two hosts that are directly connected through the physical layer to exchange information. The unit of information exchanged between two entities in the `Datalink layer` is a frame. A frame is a finite sequence of bits. Some `Datalink layers` use variable-length frames while others only use fixed-length frames. Some `Datalink layers` provide a connection-oriented service while others provide a connectionless service. Some `Datalink layers` provide reliable delivery while others do not guarantee the correct delivery of the information.
	French La couche `Datalink` s'appuie sur le service fourni par la couche physique sous-jacente. La couche `Datalink` permet à deux hôtes qui sont directement connectés par la couche physique d'échanger des informations. L'unité d'information échangée entre deux entités dans la couche `Datalink` est une trame. Une trame est une séquence finie de bits. Certaines couches `Datalink` utilisent des trames de longueur variable tandis que d'autres n'utilisent que des trames de longueur fixe. Certaines couches `Datalink` fournissent un service orienté connexion alors que d'autres fournissent un service sans connexion. Certaines couches `Datalink` fournissent une livraison fiable tandis que d'autres ne garantissent pas la livraison correcte de l'information. 751/6530 · 653 Needs editing
14 ../../principles/network.rst:74
	English To send one byte of information to host `B`, host `A` needs to place this information inside a `packet`. In addition to the data being transmitted, the packet also contains either the addresses of the source and the destination nodes or information that indicates the path that needs to be followed to reach the destination.
	French Pour envoyer un byte d'information vers l'hôte `B`, l'hôte `A` doit placer cette information à l'intérieur d'un `paquet`. En plus des données transmises, le paquet contient également soit l'adresse de la source et celle du noeud destinataire, soit des informations qui indiquent le chemin à prendre pour atteindre la destination. 329/3240 · 324 Needs editing
14 ../../principles/reliability.rst:51
	English :math:`10^3`
	French :math:`10^3` 12/120 · 12 Needs editing
14 ../../principles/transport.rst:34
	English Bob : `You're welcome`
	French Bob : `Avec plaisir` 20/220 · 22 Needs editing
14 ../../protocols/dns.rst:52
	English The `TTL` field indicates the lifetime of the `Resource Record` in seconds. This field is set by the server that returns an answer and indicates for how long a client or a resolver can store the `Resource Record` inside its cache. A long `TTL` indicates a stable `RR`. Some companies use short `TTL` values for mobile hosts and also for popular servers. For example, a web hosting company that wants to spread the load over a pool of hundred servers can configure its nameservers to return different answers to different clients. If each answer has a small `TTL`, the clients will be forced to send DNS queries regularly. The nameserver will reply to these queries by supplying the address of the less loaded server.
	French Le champ `TTL` indique la durée de vie de la `Resource Record` en secondes. Ce champ est défini par le serveur qui renvoie une réponse et indique pendant combien de temps un client ou un résolveur peut stocker le `Resource Record` dans son cache. Un `TTL` long indique un `RR` stable. Certaines entreprises utilisent des valeurs `TTL` courtes pour les hôtes mobiles et aussi pour les serveurs populaires. Par exemple, une société d'hébergement web qui veut répartir la charge sur un pool de cent serveurs peut configurer ses serveurs de noms pour qu'ils renvoient des réponses différentes à des clients différents. Si chaque réponse a une petite `TTL`, les clients seront obligés d'envoyer régulièrement des requêtes DNS. Le serveur de noms répondra à ces requêtes en fournissant l'adresse du serveur le moins chargé. 817/7160 · 716 Needs editing
14 ../../principles/security.rst:187
	English The last type of attack that we consider in this introduction are the `Denial of Service` or DoS attacks. During such an attack, the attacker generates enough packets to saturate a given service and prevent it from operating correctly. The simplest Denial of Service attack is to send more packets that the bandwidth of the link that attaches the target to the network. The target could be a single server, a company or even an entire country. If these packets all come from the same source, then the victim can identify the attacker and contact the law enforcement authorities. In practice, such denial of service attacks do not originate from a single source. The attacker usually compromises a (possibly very large) set of sources and forces them to send packets to saturate a given target. Since the attacking traffic comes from a wide range of sources, it is difficult for the victim to locate the culprit and also to counter the attack. Saturating a link is the simplest example of `Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS)` attacks.
	French 0/10350 · 1035 Needs editing
14 ../../exercises/dns.rst:45
	English What is the IPv6 address that corresponds to `www.computer-networking.info` ? Which type of DNS query does `dig` send to obtain this information ?
	French 0/1460 · 146 Needs editing
14 ../../exercises/http.rst:37
	English As for the DNS, besides using software tools that implement the HTTP protocols, it can also be useful to analyze packet traces with wireshark_ . The exercises below contain simple packet traces collected with different versions of the HTTP protocol.
	French 0/2490 · 249 Needs editing
14 ../../exercises/ipv6.rst:43 • ../../exercises/ipv6.rst:152
	English router ``R4`` uses address ``2001:db8:1341:34::4`` on its West interface, address ``2001:db8:1341:24::4`` on its North interface and address ``2001:db8:1341:4::4`` on its East interface
	French 0/1850 · 185 Needs editing

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