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../../protocols/udp.rst:94
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The complete list of allocated port numbers is maintained by IANA_ . It may be downloaded from http://www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbers
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../../protocols/wifi.rst:26
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2.4/5 GHz
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../../bibliography.rst:95
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Jain, R., `Congestion control in computer networks : Issues and trends <https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/65.56532>`_, IEEE Network Magazine, May 1990, pp. 24-30
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../../glossary.rst:285
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A synonym for a regular telephone line, i.e. a line that can be used to dial any telephone number.
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../../exercises/ex-sharing.rst:588
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Simple network topology
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../../principles/network.rst:112
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A path may lead to a `black hole`. In a network, a black hole is a router that receives packets for at least one given source/destination pair but does not have an entry inside its forwarding table for this destination. Since it does not know how to reach the destination, the router cannot forward the received packets and must discard them. Any centralized or distributed algorithm that computes forwarding tables must ensure that there are not black holes inside the network.
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../../principles/transport.rst:64
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`z` : `1111010b`
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../../principles/sharing.rst:145
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Packets per second versus bits per second
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../../principles/security.rst:354
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AES is widely used as of this writing, but other secret key encryption schemes continue to appear. ChaCha20, proposed by D. Bernstein is now used by several internet protocols :rfc:`7539`. A detailed discussion of encryption schemes is outside the scope of this book. We will consider encryption schemes as black boxes whose operation depends on a single key. A detailed overview of several of these schemes may be found in [MVV2011]_.
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../../exercises/dns.rst:81
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The DNS protocol can run over UDP and over TCP. Most DNS servers prefer to use UDP because it consumes fewer resources on the server. However, TCP is useful when a large answer is expected. Compare `time dig +tcp` and `time dig` to query a root DNS server. Is it faster to receive an answer via TCP or via UDP ?
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../../exercises/ipv6.rst:292
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Consider the network below that contains only routers. This network has been configured by a group of students and you must verify whether the configuration is correct. All the IPv6 addresses are part of the same ``/48`` prefix that we name ``p``. The following subnets are defined in this ``/48`` prefix.
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../../exercises/routing-protocols.rst:362
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When a router starts, it sends a request message. This is illustrated in the figure below with the first message sent by router ``r2``. This message is sent inside an IPv6 packet whose source address is the link-local address of the router and the destination address is ``ff02::9`` which is the reserved multicast address for RIPng.
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../../exercises/tcp-2.rst:167
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Another example is the simultaneous establishment of a TCP connection. The TCP stack sends a ``SYN`` and receives a ``SYN`` in response instead of a ``SYN+ACK``. It then acknowledges the received ``SYN`` and retransmits its own ``SYN``. The connection becomes established upon reception of the fourth segment. This script is available from :download:`/exercises/packetdrill_scripts/dual.pkt`.
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../../protocols/bgp.rst:97
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The Border Gateway Protocol
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../../protocols/congestion.rst:177
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routers that have a single FIFO queue
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../../protocols/dnssec.rst:331
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Footnotes
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../../protocols/email.rst:170
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To solve this problem, the IETF_ developed the Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (:term:`MIME`). These extensions were carefully designed to allow Internet email to carry non-ASCII characters and binary files without breaking the email servers that were deployed at that time. This requirement for backward compatibility forced the MIME designers to develop extensions to the existing email message format :rfc:`822` instead of defining a completely new format that would have been better suited to support the new types of emails.
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../../protocols/ethernet.rst:171
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Thick coaxial cable, 500m
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../../protocols/http.rst:120
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The response sent by the server also contains three parts :
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../../protocols/http2.rst:224
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The HTTP/2.0 streams can provide performance benefits, but they also increase the complexity of the implementations since an HTTP/2.0 receiver must be able to simultaneously process frames that correspond to different web objects. This complexity mainly resides on the client side. The HTTP/2.0 protocol includes several techniques that enable clients to manage the utilization of the HTTP/2.0 session.
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