Exit Zen
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../../protocols/rpc.rst:121
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`message`: a string (limited to one sentence) that provides a short description of the error.
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../../protocols/ssh.rst:260
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HMAC uses two padding strings : `ipad` (resp. `opad`) which is a string containing 20 times byte ``0x36`` (resp. byte ``0x5C``). The HMAC is then computed as :math:`H[K \oplus opad, H(K \oplus ipad, data) ]` where :math:`\oplus` denotes the bitwise XOR operation. This computation has been shown to be stronger than the naive :math:`H(K,data)` against some types of cryptographic attacks.
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../../protocols/tcp.rst:114
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the `sequence number` set to the current value of the 32 bits counter of the client host's TCP entity
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../../protocols/tls.rst:147
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`Protocol version number`: this is the version of the TLS protocol supported by the client. The server should use the same version of the TLS protocol as the client, but may opt for an older version. Both versions 1.2 and 1.3 of TLS are deployed today. Older versions are being deprecated.
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../../protocols/wifi.rst:47
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Most WiFi networks are `infrastructure` networks. An `infrastructure` network contains one or more `access points` that are attached to a fixed Local Area Network (usually an Ethernet network) that is connected to other networks such as the Internet. The figure below shows such a network with two access points and four WiFi devices. Each WiFi device is associated to one access point and uses this access point as a relay to exchange frames with the devices that are associated to another access point or reachable through the LAN.
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../../bibliography.rst:114
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Eng Keong Lua, Crowcroft, J., Pias, M., Sharma, R., Lim, S., `A survey and comparison of peer-to-peer overlay network schemes <https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2005.1610546>`_, Communications Surveys & Tutorials, IEEE, Volume: 7 , Issue: 2, 2005, pp. 72-93
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../../glossary.rst:150
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EGP
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../../exercises/ex-sharing.rst:639
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In a deployed CSMA/CD network, would it be possible to increase or decrease the duration of the slotTime ? Justify your answer
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../../principles/transport.rst:74
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The :term:`ASCII` characters are encoded as a seven bits field, but transmitted as an eight-bits byte whose high order bit is usually set to `0`. Bytes are always transmitted starting from the high order or most significant bit.
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../../principles/sharing.rst:163
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Let us first explore which mechanisms can be used inside a network to control congestion and how these mechanisms can influence the behavior of the end hosts.
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../../exercises/ipv6.rst:350
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on router ``R2``
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../../exercises/routing-protocols.rst:436
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``AS1`` is assigned ``2001:cafe:1::/48``
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../../exercises/tcp-2.rst:326
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A TCP stack uses both the fast retransmit technique and retransmission timers. A retransmission timer can fire after a fast retransmit when several segments are lost. The example below shows a loss of two consecutive segments. This script is available from :download:`/exercises/packetdrill_scripts/frr-rto.pkt`.
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../../protocols/bgp.rst:122
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The BGP protocol :rfc:`4271` defines several types of messages that can be exchanged over a BGP session :
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../../protocols/congestion.rst:197
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Evolution of the congestion window with regular losses
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../../protocols/email.rst:181
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`Content-Type: multipart/alternative`. This header line indicates that the MIME message contains several representations of the same information. For example, a `multipart/alternative` message may contain both a plain text and an HTML version of the same text.
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../../protocols/ethernet.rst:175
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100Base-Tx
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../../protocols/http.rst:153
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the `POST` method can be used by a client to send a document to a server. The document is attached to the HTTP request as a MIME document.
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../../protocols/ipv6.rst:126
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``2001:0db8:0000:cd30:0000:0000:0000:0000`` / ``60``
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../../protocols/ethernet.rst:118
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The introduction of the twisted pairs led to two major changes to Ethernet. The first change concerns the physical topology of the network. 10Base2 and 10Base5 networks are shared buses, the coaxial cable typically passes through each room that contains a connected computer. A 10BaseT network is a star-shaped network. All the devices connected to the network are attached to a twisted pair cable that ends in the telecom closet. From a maintenance perspective, this is a major improvement. The cable is a weak point in 10Base2 and 10Base5 networks. Any physical damage on the cable broke the entire network and when such a failure occurred, the network administrator had to manually check the entire cable to detect where it was damaged. With 10BaseT, when one twisted pair is damaged, only the device connected to this twisted pair is affected and this does not affect the other devices. The second major change introduced by 10BaseT was that is was impossible to build a 10BaseT network by simply connecting all the twisted pairs together. All the twisted pairs must be connected to a relay that operates in the physical layer. This relay is called an `Ethernet hub`. A `hub` is thus a physical layer relay that receives an electrical signal on one of its interfaces, regenerates the signal and transmits it over all its other interfaces. Some `hubs` are also able to convert the electrical signal from one physical layer to another (e.g. 10BaseT to 10Base2 conversion).
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