2. cnp3-ebook
3. Vietnamese
4. Zen

13 ../../bibliography.rst:40
	English Chiu, D., Jain, R., `Analysis of the Increase and Decrease Algorithms for Congestion Avoidance in Computer Networks <https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-7552(89)90019-6>`_, Computer Networks and ISDN Systems Vol 17, pp 1-14, 1989
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14 ../../bibliography.rst:48
	English Clark D., `The Design Philosophy of the DARPA Internet Protocols <https://dx.doi.org/10.1145/205447.205458>`_, Computer Communications Review 18:4, August 1988, pp. 106-114
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15 ../../bibliography.rst:51
	English Cohen, D., `On Holy Wars and a Plea for Peace`, IEN 137, April 1980, http://www.ietf.org/rfc/ien/ien137.txt
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16 ../../principles/naming.rst:82
	English This hierarchical naming scheme is a key component of the Domain Name System (DNS). The DNS is a distributed database that contains mappings between fully qualified domain names and addresses. The DNS uses the client-server model. The clients are hosts or applications that need to retrieve the mapping for a given name. Each :term:`nameserver` stores part of the distributed database and answers the queries sent by clients. There is at least one :term:`nameserver` that is responsible for each domain. In the figure below, domains are represented by circles and there are three hosts inside domain `dom` (`h1`, `h2` and `h3`) and three hosts inside domain `a.sdom1.dom`. As shown in the figure below, a sub-domain may contain both host names and sub-domains.
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16 ../../bibliography.rst:52
	English Donahoo, M., Calvert, K., `TCP/IP Sockets in C: Practical Guide for Programmers <http://books.google.com/books?id=dmt_mERzxV4C>`_ , Morgan Kaufman, 2009
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17 ../../principles/naming.rst:107
	English A :term:`nameserver` that is responsible for domain `dom` can directly answer the following queries :
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17 ../../bibliography.rst:62
	English Davik, F. Yilmaz, M. Gjessing, S. Uzun, N., `IEEE 802.17 resilient packet ring tutorial <https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2004.1273782>`_, IEEE Communications Magazine, Mar 2004, Vol 42, N 3, p. 112-118
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18 ../../principles/naming.rst:109
	English the address of any host residing directly inside domain `dom` (e.g. `h2.dom` in the figure above)
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18 ../../bibliography.rst:63
	English Dijkstra, E., `A Note on Two Problems in Connection with Graphs <https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01386390>`_. Numerische Mathematik, 1:269- 271, 1959
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19 ../../principles/naming.rst:110
	English the nameserver(s) that are responsible for any direct sub-domain of domain `dom` (i.e. `sdom1.dom` and `sdom2.dom` in the figure above, but not `z.sdom1.dom`)
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19 ../../bibliography.rst:64
	English Wikipedia, `Dijkstra's algorithm <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijkstra's_algorithm>`_
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20 ../../principles/naming.rst:112
	English To retrieve the mapping for host `h2.dom`, a client sends its query to the name server that is responsible for domain `.dom`. The name server directly answers the query. To retrieve a mapping for `h3.a.sdom1.dom` a DNS client first sends a query to the name server that is responsible for the `.dom` domain. This nameserver returns the nameserver that is responsible for the `sdom1.dom` domain. This nameserver can now be contacted to obtain the nameserver that is responsible for the `a.sdom1.dom` domain. This nameserver can be contacted to retrieve the mapping for the `h3.a.sdom1.dom` name. Thanks to this structure, it is possible for a DNS client to obtain the mapping of any host inside the `.dom` domain or any of its subdomains. To ensure that any DNS client will be able to resolve any fully qualified domain name, there are special nameservers that are responsible for the root of the domain name hierarchy. These nameservers are called :term:`root nameserver`.
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20 ../../bibliography.rst:66
	English Fletcher, J., `An Arithmetic Checksum for Serial Transmissions <https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TCOM.1982.1095369>`_, Communications, IEEE Transactions on, Jan. 1982, Vol. 30, N. 1, pp. 247-252
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21 ../../principles/naming.rst:114
	English Each root nameserver maintains the list [#froot]_ of all the nameservers that are responsible for each of the top-level domain names and their addresses [#frootv6]_. All root nameservers cooperate and provide the same answers. By querying any of the root nameservers, a DNS client can obtain the nameserver that is responsible for any top-level-domain name. From this nameserver, it is possible to resolve any domain name.
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21 ../../bibliography.rst:67
	English Francois, P., Filsfils, C., Evans, J., and Bonaventure, O., `Achieving sub-second IGP convergence in large IP networks <http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1070873.1070877>`_. SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 35, 3 (Jul. 2005), 35-44.
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22 ../../principles/naming.rst:117
	English To be able to contact the root nameservers, each DNS client must know their addresses. This implies, that DNS clients must maintain an up-to-date list of the addresses of the root nameservers. Without this list, it is impossible to contact the root nameservers. Forcing all Internet hosts to maintain the most recent version of this list would be difficult from an operational point of view. To solve this problem, the designers of the DNS introduced a special type of DNS server : the DNS resolvers. A :term:`resolver` is a server that provides the name resolution service for a set of clients. A network usually contains a few resolvers. Each host in these networks is configured to send all its DNS queries via one of its local resolvers. These queries are called `recursive queries` as the :term:`resolver` must recursively send requests through the hierarchy of nameservers to obtain the `answer`.
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22 ../../bibliography.rst:68
	English Sally Floyd and Van Jacobson. 1993. `Random early detection gateways for congestion avoidance <https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/90.251892>`_. IEEE/ACM Transactions Networking 1, 4 (August 1993), 397-413.
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23 ../../principles/naming.rst:119
	English DNS resolvers have several advantages over letting each Internet host query directly nameservers. Firstly, regular Internet hosts do not need to maintain the up-to-date list of the addresses of the root servers. Secondly, regular Internet hosts do not need to send queries to nameservers all over the Internet. Furthermore, as a DNS resolver serves a large number of hosts, it can cache the received answers. This allows the resolver to quickly return answers for popular DNS queries and reduces the load on all DNS servers [JSBM2002]_.
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23 ../../bibliography.rst:72
	English Fortz, B. Rexford, J. ,Thorup, M., `Traffic engineering with traditional IP routing protocols <https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2002.1039866>`_, IEEE Communication Magazine, October 2002
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24 ../../principles/naming.rst:123
	English Benefits of names
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