cnp3-ebook/principles/network — English @ Weblate

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150 ../../principles/dv.rst:214

	English At this point, all routers have a routing table allowing them to reach all other routers, except router `A`, which cannot yet reach router `B`. `A` recovers the route towards `B` once router `D` sends its updated distance vector :math:`[A=1,B=2,C=2,D=0,E=1]`. This last step is illustrated in figure below, which shows the routing tables on all routers. 353/10000 · 353
151 ../../principles/dv.rst:295

	English Consider now that the link between `D` and `E` fails. The network is now partitioned into two disjoint parts: (`A` , `D`) and (`B`, `E`, `C`). The routes towards `B`, `C` and `E` expire first on router `D`. At this time, router `D` updates its routing table. 259/10000 · 259
152 ../../principles/dv.rst:297

	English If `D` sends :math:`[D=0, A=1, B=\infty, C=\infty, E=\infty]`, `A` learns that `B`, `C` and `E` are unreachable and updates its routing table. 142/10000 · 142
153 ../../principles/dv.rst:299

	English Unfortunately, if the distance vector sent to `A` is lost or if `A` sends its own distance vector ( :math:`[A=0,D=1,B=3,C=3,E=2]` ) at the same time as `D` sends its distance vector, `D` updates its routing table to use the shorter routes advertised by `A` towards `B`, `C` and `E`. After some time `D` sends a new distance vector : :math:`[D=0,A=1,E=3,C=4,B=4]`. `A` updates its routing table and after some time sends its own distance vector :math:`[A=0,D=1,B=5,C=5,E=4]`, etc. This problem is known as the `count to infinity problem` in the networking literature. 566/10000 · 566
154 ../../principles/dv.rst:301

	English Routers `A` and `D` exchange distance vectors with increasing costs until these costs reach :math:`\infty`. This problem may occur in other scenarios than the one depicted in the above figure. In fact, distance vector routing may suffer from count to infinity problems as soon as there is a cycle in the network. Unfortunately, cycles are widely used in networks since they provide the required redundancy to deal with link and router failures. To mitigate the impact of counting to infinity, some distance vector protocols consider that :math:`16=\infty`. Unfortunately, this limits the metrics that network operators can use and the diameter of the networks using distance vectors. 683/10000 · 683
155 ../../principles/dv.rst:306

	English This count to infinity problem occurs because router `A` advertises to router `D` a route that it has learned via router `D`. A possible solution to avoid this problem could be to change how a router creates its distance vector. Instead of computing one distance vector and sending it to all its neighbors, a router could create a distance vector that is specific to each neighbor and only contains the routes that have not been learned via this neighbor. This could be implemented by the following pseudocode. 510/10000 · 510
156 ../../principles/dv.rst:323

	English This technique is called `split-horizon`. With this technique, the count to infinity problem would not have happened in the above scenario, as router `A` would have advertised :math:`[A=0]` after the failure, since it learned all its other routes via router `D`. Another variant called `split-horizon with poison reverse` is also possible. Routers using this variant advertise a cost of :math:`\infty` for the destinations that they reach via the router to which they send the distance vector. This can be implemented by using the pseudo-code below. 550/10000 · 550
157 ../../principles/dv.rst:341

	English Unfortunately, split-horizon is not sufficient to avoid all count to infinity problems with distance vector routing. Consider the failure of link `A-B` in the four routers network shown below. 192/10000 · 192
158 ../../principles/dv.rst:407

	English After having detected the failure, router `B` sends its distance vectors: 73/10000 · 73
159 ../../principles/dv.rst:409

	English :math:`[A=\infty,B=0,C=\infty,E=1]` to router `C` 49/10000 · 49
160 ../../principles/dv.rst:410

	English :math:`[A=\infty,B=0,C=1,E=\infty]` to router `E` 49/10000 · 49
161 ../../principles/dv.rst:412

	English If, unfortunately, the distance vector sent to router `C` is lost due to a transmission error or because router `C` is overloaded, a new count to infinity problem can occur. If router `C` sends its distance vector :math:`[A=2,B=1,C=0,E=\infty]` to router `E`, this router installs a route of distance `3` to reach `A` via `C`. Router `E` sends its distance vectors :math:`[A=3,B=\infty,C=1,E=1]` to router `B` and :math:`[A=\infty,B=1,C=\infty,E=0]` to router `C`. This distance vector allows `B` to recover a route of distance `4` to reach `A`. 545/10000 · 545
162 ../../principles/dv.rst:417

	English Forwarding tables versus routing tables 39/10000 · 39
163 ../../principles/dv.rst:419

	English Routers usually maintain at least two data structures that contain information about the reachable destinations. The first data structure is the `routing table`. The `routing table` is a data structure that associates a destination to an outgoing interface or a nexthop router and a set of additional attributes. Different routing protocols can associate different attributes for each destination. Distance vector routing protocols will store the cost to reach the destination along the shortest path. Other routing protocols may store information about the number of hops of the best path, its lifetime or the number of sub paths. A `routing table` may store different paths towards a given destination and flag one of them as the best one. 741/10000 · 741
164 ../../principles/dv.rst:421

	English The `routing table` is a software data structure which is updated by (one or more) routing protocols. The `routing table` is usually not directly used when forwarding packets. Packet forwarding relies on a more compact data structure which is the `forwarding table`. On high-end routers, the `forwarding table` is implemented directly in hardware while lower performance routers will use a software implementation. A `forwarding table` contains a subset of the information found in the `routing table`. It only contains the nexthops towards each destination that are used to forward packets and no attributes. A `forwarding table` will typically associate each destination to one or more outgoing interface or nexthop router. 725/10000 · 725
165 ../../principles/linkstate.rst:9

	English Link state routing 18/10000 · 18
166 ../../principles/linkstate.rst:11

	English Link state routing is the second family of routing protocols. While distance vector routers use a distributed algorithm to compute their routing tables, link-state routers exchange messages to allow each router to learn the entire network topology. Based on this learned topology, each router is then able to compute its routing table by using a shortest path computation such as Dijkstra's algorithm [Dijkstra1959]_. A detailed description of this shortest path algorithm may be found in [Wikipedia:Dijkstra]_. 511/10000 · 511
167 ../../principles/linkstate.rst:13

	English For link-state routing, a network is modeled as a `directed weighted graph`. Each router is a node, and the links between routers are the edges in the graph. A positive weight is associated to each directed edge and routers use the shortest path to reach each destination. In practice, different types of weights can be associated to each directed edge : 354/10000 · 354
168 ../../principles/linkstate.rst:15

	English unit weight. If all links have a unit weight, shortest path routing prefers the paths with the least number of intermediate routers. 132/10000 · 132
169 ../../principles/linkstate.rst:16

	English weight proportional to the propagation delay on the link. If all link weights are configured this way, shortest path routing uses the paths with the smallest propagation delay. 176/10000 · 176

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