cnp3-ebook/principles/network — English @ Weblate

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80 ../../principles/network.rst:435

	English verifying that packets can reach a given destination 52/10000 · 52
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	English We will discuss these functions in more details when we will describe the protocols that are used in the network layer of the TCP/IP protocol suite. 148/10000 · 148
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	English Virtual circuit organization 28/10000 · 28
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	English The second organization of the network layer, called `virtual circuits`, has been inspired by the organization of telephone networks. Telephone networks have been designed to carry phone calls that usually last a few minutes. Each phone is identified by a telephone number and is attached to a telephone switch. To initiate a phone call, a telephone first needs to send the destination's phone number to its local switch. The switch cooperates with the other switches in the network to create a bi-directional channel between the two telephones through the network. This channel will be used by the two telephones during the lifetime of the call and will be released at the end of the call. Until the 1960s, most of these channels were created manually, by telephone operators, upon request of the caller. Today's telephone networks use automated switches and allow several channels to be carried over the same physical link, but the principles roughly remain the same. 969/10000 · 969
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	English In a network using virtual circuits, all hosts are also identified with a network layer address. However, packet forwarding is not performed by looking at the destination address of each packet. With the `virtual circuit` organization, each data packet contains one label [#flabels]_. A label is an integer which is part of the packet header. Routers implement `label switching` to forward `labelled data packet`. Upon reception of a packet, a router consults its `label forwarding table` to find the outgoing interface for this packet. In contrast with the datagram mode, this lookup is very simple. The `label forwarding table` is an array stored in memory and the label of the incoming packet is the index to access this array. This implies that the lookup operation has an `O(1)` complexity in contrast with other packet forwarding techniques. To ensure that on each node the packet label is an index in the `label forwarding table`, each router that forwards a packet replaces the label of the forwarded packet with the label found in the `label forwarding table`. Each entry of the `label forwarding table` contains two pieces of information : 1150/10000 · 1150
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	English the outgoing interface for the packet 37/10000 · 37
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	English the label for the outgoing packet 33/10000 · 33
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	English For example, consider the `label forwarding table` of a network node below. 75/10000 · 75
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	English index 5/10000 · 5
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	English outgoing interface 18/10000 · 18
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	English label 5/10000 · 5
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	English 0 1/10000 · 1
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	English South 5/10000 · 5
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	English 7 1/10000 · 1
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	English 1 1/10000 · 1
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	English none 4/10000 · 4
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	English 2 1/10000 · 1
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	English West 4/10000 · 4
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	English 3 1/10000 · 1
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	English East 4/10000 · 4

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