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../../principles/transport.rst:828
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For example, the :manpage:`htonl(3)` (resp. :manpage:`ntohl(3)`) function the standard C library converts a 32-bits unsigned integer from the byte order used by the CPU to the network byte order (resp. from the network byte order to the CPU byte order). Similar functions exist in other programming languages.
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../../principles/transport.rst:830
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In the application layer, most servers are implemented as processes. The network and transport layer on the other hand are usually implemented inside the operating system and the amount of memory that they can use is limited by the amount of memory allocated to the entire kernel.
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../../principles/transport.rst:834
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For a discussion on how the sending buffer can change, see e.g. [SMM1998]_
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../../principles/transport.rst:836
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Note that if the receive window shrinks, it might happen that the sender has already sent a segment that is not anymore inside its window. This segment will be discarded by the receiver and the sender will retransmit it later.
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../../principles/transport.rst:838
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In reality, the Internet does not strictly enforce this MSL. However, it is reasonable to expect that most packets on the Internet will not remain in the network during more than 2 minutes. There are a few exceptions to this rule, such as :rfc:`1149` whose implementation is described in http://www.blug.linux.no/rfc1149/ but there are few real links supporting :rfc:`1149` in the Internet.
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