cnp3-ebook/principles/transport

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120 ../../principles/transport.rst:733

	English The initiating entity receives the `CA` segment. The acknowledgment number of this segment confirms that the remote entity has correctly received the `CR` segment. The transport connection is considered to be established by the initiating entity and the numbering of the data segments starts at sequence number `x`. Before sending data segments, the initiating entity must acknowledge the received `CA` segments by sending another `CA` segment. 444/10000 · 444
121 ../../principles/transport.rst:735

	English The remote entity considers the transport connection to be established after having received the segment that acknowledges its `CA` segment. The numbering of the data segments sent by the remote entity starts at sequence number `y`. 232/10000 · 232
122 ../../principles/transport.rst:737

	English The three way handshake is illustrated in the figure below. 59/10000 · 59
123 ../../principles/transport.rst:743

	English Three-way handshake 19/10000 · 19
124 ../../principles/transport.rst:745

	English Thanks to the three way handshake, transport entities avoid duplicate transport connections. This is illustrated by considering the three scenarios below. 154/10000 · 154
125 ../../principles/transport.rst:747

	English The first scenario is when the remote entity receives an old `CR` segment. It considers this `CR` segment as a connection establishment attempt and replies by sending a `CA` segment. However, the initiating host cannot match the received `CA` segment with a previous connection attempt. It sends a control segment (`REJECT` in the figure below) to cancel the spurious connection attempt. The remote entity cancels the connection attempt upon reception of this control segment. 476/10000 · 476
126 ../../principles/transport.rst:753

	English Three-way handshake : recovery from a duplicate `CR` 52/10000 · 52
127 ../../principles/transport.rst:755

	English A second scenario is when the initiating entity sends a `CR` segment that does not reach the remote entity and receives a duplicate `CA` segment from a previous connection attempt. This duplicate `CA` segment cannot contain a valid acknowledgment for the `CR` segment as the sequence number of the `CR` segment was extracted from the transport clock of the initiating entity. The `CA` segment is thus rejected and the `CR` segment is retransmitted upon expiration of the retransmission timer. 492/10000 · 492
128 ../../principles/transport.rst:762

	English Three-way handshake : recovery from a duplicate `CA` 52/10000 · 52
129 ../../principles/transport.rst:764

	English The last scenario is less likely, but it is important to consider it as well. The remote entity receives an old `CR` segment. It notes the connection attempt and acknowledges it by sending a `CA` segment. The initiating entity does not have a matching connection attempt and replies by sending a `REJECT`. Unfortunately, this segment never reaches the remote entity. Instead, the remote entity receives a retransmission of an older `CA` segment that contains the same sequence number as the first `CR` segment. This `CA` segment cannot be accepted by the remote entity as a confirmation of the transport connection as its acknowledgment number cannot have the same value as the sequence number of the first `CA` segment. 720/10000 · 720
130 ../../principles/transport.rst:770

	English Three-way handshake : recovery from duplicates `CR` and `CA` 60/10000 · 60
131 ../../principles/transport.rst:774

	English Data transfer 13/10000 · 13
132 ../../principles/transport.rst:776

	English Now that the transport connection has been established, it can be used to transfer data. To ensure a reliable delivery of the data, the transport protocol will include sliding windows, retransmission timers and `go-back-n` or `selective repeat`. However, we cannot simply reuse the techniques from the datalink because a transport protocol needs to deal with more types of errors than a reliable protocol in datalink layer. The first difference between the two layers is the transport layer must face with more variable delays. In the datalink layer, when two hosts are connected by a link, the transmission delay or the round-trip-time over the link is almost fixed. In a network that can span the globe, the delays and the round-trip-times can vary significantly on a per packet basis. This variability can be caused by two factors. First, packets sent through a network do not necessarily follow the same path to reach their destination. Second, some packets may be queued in the buffers of routers when the load is high and these queuing delays can lead to increased end-to-end delays. A second difference between the datalink layer and the transport layer is that a network does not always deliver packets in sequence. This implies that packets may be reordered by the network. Furthermore, the network may sometimes duplicate packets. The last issue that needs to be dealt with in the transport layer is the transmission of large SDUs. In the datalink layer, reliable protocols transmit small frames. Applications could generate SDUs that are much larger than the maximum size of a packet in the network layer. The transport layer needs to include mechanisms to fragment and reassemble these large SDUs. 1709/10000 · 1709
133 ../../principles/transport.rst:778

	English To deal with all these characteristics of the network layer, we need to adapt the techniques that we have introduced in the datalink layer. 139/10000 · 139
134 ../../principles/transport.rst:780

	English The first point which is common between the two layers is that both use CRCs or checksums to detect transmission errors. Each segment contains a CRC/checksum which is computed over the entire segment (header and payload) by the sender and inserted in the header. The receiver recomputes the CRC/checksum for each received segment and discards all segments with an invalid CRC. 376/10000 · 376
135 ../../principles/transport.rst:782

	English Reliable transport protocols also use sequence numbers and acknowledgment numbers. While reliable protocols in the datalink layer use one sequence number per frame, reliable transport protocols consider all the data transmitted as a stream of bytes. In these protocols, the sequence number placed in the segment header corresponds to the position of the first byte of the payload in the bytestream. This sequence number allows detecting losses but also enables the receiver to reorder the out-of-sequence segments. This is illustrated in the figure below. 555/10000 · 555
136 ../../principles/transport.rst:801

	English Using sequence numbers to count bytes has also one advantage when the transport layer needs to fragment SDUs in several segments. The figure below shows the fragmentation of a large SDU in two segments. Upon reception of the segments, the receiver will use the sequence numbers to correctly reorder the data. 308/10000 · 308
137 ../../principles/transport.rst:818

	English Compared to reliable protocols in the datalink layer, reliable transport protocols encode their sequence numbers using more bits. 32 bits and 64 bits sequence numbers are frequent in the transport layer while some datalink layer protocols encode their sequence numbers in an 8 bits field. This large sequence number space is motivated by two reasons. First, since the sequence number is incremented for each transmitted byte, a single segment may consume one or several thousands of sequence numbers. Second, a reliable transport protocol must be able to detect delayed segments. This can only be done if the number of bytes transmitted during the MSL period is smaller than the sequence number space. Otherwise, there is a risk of accepting duplicate segments. 761/10000 · 761
138 ../../principles/transport.rst:820

	English `Go-back-n` and `selective repeat` can be used in the transport layer as in the datalink layer. Since the network layer does not guarantee an in-order delivery of the packets, a transport entity should always store the segments that it receives out-of-sequence. For this reason, most transport protocols will opt for some form of selective repeat mechanism. 357/10000 · 357
139 ../../principles/transport.rst:822

	English In the datalink layer, the sliding window has usually a fixed size which depends on the amount of buffers allocated to the datalink layer entity. Such a datalink layer entity usually serves one or a few network layer entities. In the transport layer, the situation is different. A single transport layer entity serves a large and varying number of application processes. Each transport layer entity manages a pool of buffers that needs to be shared between all these processes. Transport entity are usually implemented inside the operating system kernel and shares memory with other parts of the system. Furthermore, a transport layer entity must support several (possibly hundreds or thousands) of transport connections at the same time. This implies that the memory which can be used to support the sending or the receiving buffer of a transport connection may change during the lifetime of the connection [#fautotune]_ . Thus, a transport protocol must allow the sender and the receiver to adjust their window sizes. 1019/10000 · 1019

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