cnp3-ebook/protocols/lan — English @ Weblate

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108 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:368

	English To determine the state of its other ports, the switch compares its own `BPDU` with the last `BPDU` received on each port. Note that the comparison is done by using the `BPDUs` and not the `root priority vectors`. If the switch's `BPDU` is better than the last `BPDU` of this port, the port becomes a `Designated` port. Otherwise, the port becomes a `Blocked` port. 364/10000 · 364
109 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:370

	English The state of each port is important when considering the transmission of `BPDUs`. The root switch regularly sends its own `BPDU` over all of its (`Designated`) ports. This `BPDU` is received on the `Root` port of all the switches that are directly connected to the `root switch`. Each of these switches computes its own `BPDU` and sends this `BPDU` over all its `Designated` ports. These `BPDUs` are then received on the `Root` port of downstream switches, which then compute their own `BPDU`, etc. When the network topology is stable, switches send their own `BPDU` on all their `Designated` ports, once they receive a `BPDU` on their `Root` port. No `BPDU` is sent on a `Blocked` port. Switches listen for `BPDUs` on their `Blocked` and `Designated` ports, but no `BPDU` should be received over these ports when the topology is stable. The utilization of the ports for both `BPDUs` and data frames is summarized in the table below. 933/10000 · 933
110 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:373

	English Port state 10/10000 · 10
111 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:373

	English Receives BPDUs 14/10000 · 14
112 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:373

	English Sends BPDU 10/10000 · 10
113 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:373

	English Handles data frames 19/10000 · 19
114 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:375

	English Blocked 7/10000 · 7
115 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:375 • ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:376 • ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:376 • ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:377 • ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:377 • ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:377

	English yes 3/10000 · 3
116 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:375 • ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:375 • ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:376

	English no 2/10000 · 2
117 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:376

	English Root 4/10000 · 4
118 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:377

	English Designated 10/10000 · 10
119 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:382

	English To illustrate the operation of the `Spanning Tree Protocol`, let us consider the simple network topology in the figure below. 125/10000 · 125
120 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:389

	English A simple Spanning tree computed in a switched Ethernet network 62/10000 · 62
121 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:391

	English Assume that `Switch4` is the first to boot. It sends its own `BPDU = <4,0,4,1>` (resp. `BPDU = <4,0,4,2>`) on port 1 (resp. port 2). When `Switch1` boots, it sends `BPDU = <1,0,1,1>`. This `BPDU` is received by `Switch4`, which updates its `BPDU` and root priority vector tables and computes a new `BPDU = <1,3,4,1>` (resp. `BPDU = <1,3,4,2>`) on port 1 (resp. port 2). Indeed, there is only one root priority vector and hence, it is the best one. Port 1 of `Switch4` becomes the `Root` port while its second port is still in the `Designated` state. 549/10000 · 549
122 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:393

	English Assume now that `Switch9` boots and immediately receives `Switch1` 's `BPDU` on port 1. `Switch9` computes its own `BPDU = <1,1,9,1>` (resp. `BPDU = <1,1,9,2>`) on port 1 (resp. port 2) and port 1 becomes the `Root` port of this switch. The `BPDU` is sent on port 2 of `Switch9` and reaches `Switch4`. `Switch4` compares the priority vectors. It notices that the last computed vector (i.e., `V[2] = <1,2,9,2,2>`) is better than `V[1] = <1,3,1,1,1>`. Thus, `Switch4`'s `BPDU` is recomputed and port 2 becomes the `Root` port of `Switch4`. `Switch4` compares its new `BPDU = <1,2,4,p>` with the last `BPDU` received on each port (except for the `Root` port). Port 1 becomes a `Blocked` port on `Switch4` because the `BPDU=<1,0,1,1>` received on this port is better. 763/10000 · 763
123 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:395

	English During the computation of the spanning tree, switches discard all received data frames, as at that time the network topology is not guaranteed to be loop-free. Once that topology has been stable for some time, the switches again start to use the MAC learning algorithm to forward data frames. Only the `Root` and `Designated` ports are used to forward data frames. Switches discard all the data frames received on their `Blocked` ports and never forward frames on these ports. 476/10000 · 476
124 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:397

	English Switches, ports and links can fail in a switched Ethernet network. When a failure occurs, the switches must be able to recompute the spanning tree to recover from the failure. The `Spanning Tree Protocol` relies on regular transmissions of the `BPDUs` to detect these failures. A `BPDU` contains two additional fields : the `Age` of the `BPDU` and the `Maximum Age`. The `Age` contains the amount of time that has passed since the root switch initially originated the `BPDU`. The root switch sends its `BPDU` with an `Age` of zero and each switch that computes its own `BPDU` increments its `Age` by one. The `Age` of the `BPDUs` stored on a switch's table is also incremented every second. A `BPDU` expires when its `Age` reaches the `Maximum Age`. When the network is stable, this does not happen as `BPDU` s are regularly sent by the `root` switch and downstream switches. However, if the `root` fails or the network becomes partitioned, `BPDU` will expire and switches will recompute their own `BPDU` and restart the `Spanning Tree Protocol`. Once a topology change has been detected, the forwarding of the data frames stops as the topology is not guaranteed to be loop-free. Additional details about the reaction to failures may be found in [IEEE802.1d]_. 1260/10000 · 1260
125 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:402

	English Virtual LANs 12/10000 · 12
126 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:404

	English Another important advantage of Ethernet switches is the ability to create Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs). A virtual LAN can be defined as a `set of ports attached to one or more Ethernet switches`. A switch can support several VLANs and it runs one MAC learning algorithm for each Virtual LAN. When a switch receives a frame with an unknown or a multicast destination, it forwards it over all the ports that belong to the same Virtual LAN but not over the ports that belong to other Virtual LANs. Similarly, when a switch learns a source address on a port, it associates it to the Virtual LAN of this port and uses this information only when forwarding frames on this Virtual LAN. 685/10000 · 685
127 ../../protocols/ethernet.rst:406

	English The figure below illustrates a switched Ethernet network with three Virtual LANs. `VLAN2` and `VLAN3` only require a local configuration of switch `S1`. Host `C` can exchange frames with host `D`, but not with hosts that are outside of its VLAN. `VLAN1` is more complex as there are ports of this VLAN on several switches. To support such VLANs, local configuration is not sufficient anymore. When a switch receives a frame from another switch, it must be able to determine the VLAN in which the frame originated to use the correct MAC table to forward the frame. This is done by assigning an identifier to each Virtual LAN and placing this identifier inside the headers of the frames that are exchanged between switches. 721/10000 · 721

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