cnp3-ebook/protocols/tcp — English @ Weblate

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125 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:357

	English These throughputs are acceptable in today's networks. However, there are already servers having 10 Gbps interfaces... Early TCP implementations had fixed receiving and sending buffers [#ftcphosts]_. Today's high performance implementations are able to automatically adjust the size of the sending and receiving buffer to better support high bandwidth flows [SMM1998]_. 368/10000 · 368
126 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:362

	English TCP's retransmission timeout 28/10000 · 28
127 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:364

	English In a go-back-n transport protocol such as TCP, the retransmission timeout must be correctly set in order to achieve good performance. On one hand, if the retransmission timeout expires too early, then bandwidth is wasted by retransmitting segments that have already been correctly received. On the other hand, if the retransmission timeout expires too late, then bandwidth is wasted because the sender is idle waiting for the expiration of its retransmission timeout. 467/10000 · 467
128 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:366

	English A good setting of the retransmission timeout clearly depends on an accurate estimation of the round-trip-time of each TCP connection. The round-trip-time differs between TCP connections, but may also change during the lifetime of a single connection. For example, the figure below shows the evolution of the round-trip-time between two hosts during a period of 45 seconds. 373/10000 · 373
129 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:372

	English Evolution of the round-trip-time between two hosts 50/10000 · 50
130 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:375

	English The easiest solution to measure the round-trip-time on a TCP connection is to measure the delay between the transmission of a data segment and the reception of a corresponding acknowledgment [#frttmes]_. As illustrated in the figure below, this measurement works well when there are no segment losses. 301/10000 · 301
131 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:381

	English How to measure the round-trip-time ? 36/10000 · 36
132 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:388

	English However, when a data segment is lost, as illustrated in the bottom part of the figure, the measurement is ambiguous as the sender cannot determine whether the received acknowledgment was triggered by the first transmission of segment `123` or its retransmission. Using incorrect round-trip-time estimations could lead to incorrect values of the retransmission timeout. For this reason, Phil Karn and Craig Partridge proposed, in [KP91]_, to ignore the round-trip-time measurements performed during retransmissions. 514/10000 · 514
133 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:394

	English To avoid this ambiguity in the estimation of the round-trip-time when segments are retransmitted, recent TCP implementations rely on the `timestamp option` defined in :rfc:`1323`. This option allows a TCP sender to place two 32 bit timestamps in each TCP segment that it sends. The first timestamp, TS Value (`TSval`) is chosen by the sender of the segment. It could for example be the current value of its real-time clock [#ftimestamp]_. The second value, TS Echo Reply (`TSecr`), is the last `TSval` that was received from the remote host and stored in the :term:`TCB`. The figure below shows how the utilization of this timestamp option allows for the disambiguation of the round-trip-time measurement when there are retransmissions. 736/10000 · 736
134 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:400

	English Disambiguating round-trip-time measurements with the :rfc:`1323` timestamp option 81/10000 · 81
135 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:402

	English Once the round-trip-time measurements have been collected for a given TCP connection, the TCP entity must compute the retransmission timeout. As the round-trip-time measurements may change during the lifetime of a connection, the retransmission timeout may also change. At the beginning of a connection [#ftcbtouch]_, the TCP entity that sends a `SYN` segment does not know the round-trip-time to reach the remote host and the initial retransmission timeout is usually set to 3 seconds :rfc:`2988`. 498/10000 · 498
136 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:404

	English The original TCP specification proposed in :rfc:`793` to include two additional variables in the TCB : 102/10000 · 102
137 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:406

	English `srtt` : the smoothed round-trip-time computed as :math:`srtt=(\alpha \times srtt)+( (1-\alpha) \times rtt)` where :math:`rtt` is the round-trip-time measured according to the above procedure and :math:`\alpha` a smoothing factor (e.g. 0.8 or 0.9) 247/10000 · 247
138 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:407

	English `rto` : the retransmission timeout is computed as :math:`rto=\min(60,max(1,\beta \times srtt))` where :math:`\beta` is used to take into account the delay variance (value : 1.3 to 2.0). The `60` and `1` constants are used to ensure that the `rto` is not larger than one minute nor smaller than 1 second. 303/10000 · 303
139 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:409

	English However, in practice, this computation for the retransmission timeout did not work well. The main problem was that the computed `rto` did not correctly take into account the variations in the measured round-trip-time. `Van Jacobson` proposed in his seminal paper [Jacobson1988]_ an improved algorithm to compute the `rto` and implemented it in the BSD Unix distribution. This algorithm is now part of the TCP standard :rfc:`2988`. 430/10000 · 430
140 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:411

	English Jacobson's algorithm uses two state variables, `srtt` the smoothed `rtt` and `rttvar` the estimation of the variance of the `rtt` and two parameters : :math:`\alpha` and :math:`\beta`. When a TCP connection starts, the first `rto` is set to `3` seconds. When a first estimation of the `rtt` is available, the `srtt`, `rttvar` and `rto` are computed as follows : 361/10000 · 361
141 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:424

	English Then, when other rtt measurements are collected, `srtt` and `rttvar` are updated as follows : 93/10000 · 93
142 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:426

	English :math:`rttvar=(1-\beta) \times rttvar + \beta \times \|srtt - rtt\|` 66/10000 · 66
143 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:428

	English :math:`srtt=(1-\alpha) \times srtt + \alpha \times rtt` 55/10000 · 55
144 ../../protocols/tcp.rst:430

	English :math:`rto=srtt + 4 \times rttvar` 34/10000 · 34

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