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../../protocols/ipv6.rst:127
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``2001:0db8::cd30:0:0:0:0`` / ``60``
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../../protocols/ethernet.rst:149
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Computers can directly be attached to Ethernet hubs. Ethernet hubs themselves can be attached to other Ethernet hubs to build a larger network. However, some important guidelines must be followed when building a complex network with hubs. First, the network topology must be a tree. As hubs are relays in the physical layer, adding a link between `Hub2` and `Hub3` in the network below would create an electrical shortcut that would completely disrupt the network. This implies that there cannot be any redundancy in a hub-based network. A failure of a hub or of a link between two hubs would partition the network into two isolated networks. Second, as hubs are relays in the physical layer, collisions can happen and must be handled by CSMA/CD as in a 10Base5 network. This implies that the maximum delay between any pair of devices in the network cannot be longer than the 51.2 microseconds `slot time`. If the delay is longer, collisions between short frames may not be correctly detected. This constraint limits the geographical spread of 10BaseT networks containing hubs.
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../../protocols/routing.rst:110
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The second OSPF particularity that is worth discussing is the support of Local Area Networks (LAN). As shown in the example below, several routers may be attached to the same LAN.
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../../protocols/rpc.rst:124
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Coming back to our example with the call for the `sum` procedure, it would return the following JSON structure.
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../../protocols/ssh.rst:290
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The ``ssh`` protocol includes other features that are beyond the scope of this book. Additional details may be found in [BS2005]_.
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../../protocols/tcp.rst:119
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the `sequence number` set to the current value of the 32 bits counter of the server host's TCP entity
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../../protocols/tls.rst:155
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`Cipher suites` : this ordered list contains the set of cryptographic algorithms that are supported by the client, with the most preferred one listed first. In contrast with ``ssh`` that allows negotiating independent algorithms for encryption, key exchange and authentication, TLS relies on suites that combine these algorithms together. Many cryptographic suites have been defined for TLS. Various recommendations have been published on the security of some of these suites :rfc:`7525`.
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../../protocols/wifi.rst:56
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An 802.11 access point is a relay that operates in the datalink layer like switches. The figure below represents the layers of the reference model that are involved when a WiFi host communicates with a host attached to an Ethernet network through an access point.
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../../bibliography.rst:120
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Leboudec, J.-Y., `Rate Adaptation Congestion Control and Fairness : a tutorial <http://ica1www.epfl.ch/PS_files/LEB3132.pdf>`_, Dec. 2008
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../../glossary.rst:159
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EIGRP
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../../exercises/ex-sharing.rst:643
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Slotted ALOHA improves the performance of ALOHA by dividing the time in slots. However, this basic idea raises two interested questions. First how would you enforce the duration of these slots ? Second, should a slot include the time to transmit a data frame or the time to transmit a data frame and the corresponding acknowledgment ?
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../../exercises/reliability.rst:81
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hundred frames
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../../exercises/network.rst:360
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Destination
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../../exercises/sockets.rst:301
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Now, we have built everything we need to send a message to the remote program. The ``create_socket_and_send_message`` function below assembles all the building blocks we created until now in order to send the message ``"hello"`` to the program running on port ``55555`` on the computer identified by the ``::1`` IPv6 address.
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../../principles/naming.rst:152
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It is interesting to note that to prevent any homograph attack, Google Inc. registered the `g00gle.com` domain name but does not apparently use it.
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../../principles/referencemodels.rst:139
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the Link layer which combines the functions of the physical and datalink layers of our five-layer reference model
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../../principles/network.rst:138
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Another interesting point that is worth being discussed is when the forwarding tables are computed. A widely used solution is to compute the entries of the forwarding tables for all destinations on all routers. This ensures that each router has a valid route towards each destination. These entries can be updated when an event occurs and the network topology changes. A drawback of this approach is that the forwarding tables can become large in large networks since each router must always maintain one entry for each destination inside its forwarding table.
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../../principles/reliability.rst:167
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Manchester encoding
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../../principles/transport.rst:82
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A simple BNF specification
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../../principles/sharing.rst:167
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If the buffer's occupancy continues to grow, it will overflow and packets will need to be discarded. Discarding packets during congestion is the second possible reaction of a network node to congestion. Before looking at how a node can discard packets, it is interesting to discuss qualitatively the impact of the buffer occupancy on the reliable delivery of data through a network. This is illustrated by the figure below, adapted from [Jain1990]_.
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